咳嗽的痰 sputum phlegm,但在美劇中用的是junk。

咳嗽的痰，以前在學校教的是用sputum 。後來在臨床遇到老外用的是phlegm，但在美劇中用的是junk。

例1

醫師：What’s the problem?

病人：Just a little winded(喘) mostly.

醫師: Any fever? Coughing up any junk?

wind

Cause (someone) to have difficulty breathing because of exertion or a blow to the stomach.

Junk(本意為破爛垃圾，在這個地方是指痰)

Old or discarded articles that are considered useless or of little value

例2

C/O(complaint of) coughing up yellowish sputum with tiny bloody streaks for 8 months.

例3

Learn about your coughing up green or yellow phlegm, including causes and common questions.

基本性知識 The birds and the bees

基本性知識 The birds and the bees

The Birds and the Bees" is an English-language idiomatic expression and euphemism(婉辭) that refers to courtship and sexual intercourse. The "Birds and the Bees talk is generally the event in most children's lives in which the parents explain what sexual relationships are.

習慣用語the birds and bees已經有一百五十來年的歷史了，人們用the birds and the bees委婉地表示人的生殖繁育和性活動，以避免難以啟齒的窘迫境地。

例如：I know more about sex and the problems of unwanted pregnancy than my parents. My mom tries to explain the birds and the bees to me; she’s funny.

A&Ox3 "A and O times three" 意識清楚

A&Ox3  "A and O times three" 意識清楚

以前在病歷寫意識清楚，都寫Consciousness Clear。但美劇急診室的春天裡的對話，說的是：A and O times three

a clinical term of art for alert and oriented to person, place, and time.

Consciousness Clear：代表叫的醒且可對外界做出適當的反應， Consciousness Clear 就是Awareness 是好的 Awareness 表示病人具有（主動）感知周邊事物狀態的能力，並根據傳入的訊息（sensory input）做出適當反應.

挖大便英文怎麼說？

挖大便英文怎麼說？

美劇急診室的春天第十季第三集有這樣的對話:

Fecal impaction in 4 needs some good old-fashioned finger digging.

(第四床的病人有大便阻塞需要用手指頭挖大便)

喉嚨不舒服怎麼說 Have a Frog in One's Throat

frog是「青蛙」，throat指「喉嚨」，have a frog in one's throat字面意思是「某人的喉嚨裡有青蛙」，實則用來形容某人「喉嚨不舒服」。類似的用法有：raspy、hoarse、have a sore throat.。這個俚語的來源有好幾種說法，最具可信度的解釋就只是因為喉嚨痛時，發出的聲音聽起來跟蛙鳴聲很像。

提早偵測流感的方法

提早偵測流感的方法

I've spent most of the week with the flu. I'd heard flu season was starting early this year, but I wasn't prepared for it to be this early, in part because predictions for flu outbreaks are still not that precise—especially in germy places like here in New York City.

But a new approach, borrowing real-time analysis techniques from the latest weather prediction models, might be able to forecast the next flu season.

Weather modeling draws on current conditions and filters to make predictions. Now that we're all Googling flu-related queries when we get sick, real-time influenza infection rates are available online. Epidemiologists can feed this info into models like the ones used for weather that can sort through the chaos to predict sickness or health.

Researchers tested the flu formula against data from five actual recent flu seasons in New York City. Given online flu search information, they were able to predict the peak of the outbreak in the city nearly two months in advance. The findings are in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [Jeffrey Shaman and Alicia Karspeck, Forecasting Seasonal Outbreaks of Influenza]

Now, I would love a prediction of when I'm going to be fully recovered.

[The above text is a transcript of this podcast.]( scientific american)

苦味可緩解氣喘

People with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other breathing disorders need fast relief when their airways tighten up. Unfortunately, the most commonly used medication has obnoxious side effects. But scientists recently discovered that a bitter taste can be a more effective treatment—and now they know why. The work is published in PLoS Biology. [Cheng-Hai Zhang et al., The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Bitter Tastant-Induced Bronchodilation]

When an asthma attack hits, the airway shrinks and makes breathing difficult. To keep air flowing, the sufferer must take medication to relax the passage's muscles and open it back up. But a couple years ago, researchers discovered airways contain bitter taste receptors like the ones on the tongue. After exposure to bitter substances, the receptors can expand the airway more quickly and more effectively than the most commonly used treatment.

Researchers examined airway tissue to learn why bitterness makes the muscles relax. During an asthma attack, calcium flows into the cells of the airway and contributes to muscle contraction. But bitter substances block the channels that allow calcium into cells, which relaxes the tightened tissue. And that's the opposite of a bitter pill.

—Sophie Bushwick

[The above text is a transcript of this podcast.]

用手機APP診斷皮膚病變可行嗎？

用手機APP診斷皮膚病變可行嗎？

New smart phone apps now let you snap a picture and upload it for a skin cancer check. Sure sounds a lot easier than trekking into the dermatologist, right? But a new review of these apps finds that most of them are not very accurate.

Dermatologists uploaded 188 images of skin lesions to four different app-based services. The apps, which are unregulated, mostly use algorithms to judge—often in less than a minute—whether the spot is benign or something to get checked out. Three of the four apps failed to catch at least one-in-three known cases of melanoma. The apps also falsely identified plenty of benign growths as possibly cancerous. The findings are in the journal JAMA Dermatology. [Joel Wolf et al., Diagnostic Inaccuracy of Smartphone Applications for Melanoma Detection]

The fourth app, which did okay, actually used board-certified dermatologists to review images. It was the most expensive at five bucks per assessment and took 24 hours.

So next time you're worried about a mole, don’t use an app, get an ap—pointment…with a dermatologist.

—Katherine Harmon

[The above text is a transcript of this podcast.]

電腦醫師e-visit

電腦醫師e-visit

Waiting in the doctor's office, reading old magazines is never fun. But some health systems are allowing patients with minor ailments to see the doctor—without seeing the doctor. These patients can log onto their personal health record portal, answer questions about their condition and get their doctor's diagnosis and recommended treatment.  But are e-visits as good as face-to-face consultation? A new study finds that they appear to result in decent diagnoses for common infections, while also saving time and money. The findings are in Archives of Internal Medicine. [Ateev Mehrotra et al., A Comparison of Care at E-Visits and Physician Office Visits for Sinusitis and Urinary Tract Infection]
 Researchers analyzed some 5,000 doctor visits for sinus infections and 3,000 visits for urinary tract infection. Less than 10 percent of all visits were electronic. One possible e-visit drawback: doctors were more likely to prescribe antibiotics after an e-visit than a face-to-face. But patients with an e-visit had just about the same rate of follow up as those who had an office visit. Which suggests that there was not a higher rate of misdiagnosis or treatment failure online. E-visits were also cheaper. —Katherine Harmon
 [The above text is a transcript of this podcast.]

 

運動能延長壽命 Exercise Lengthens Life Regardless of Weight

運動能延長壽命 Exercise Lengthens Life Regardless of Weight

A little exercise each week can lead to big gains in life expectancy. And that’s true regardless of your current weight, according to a new review study that included more than 650,000 people.

The World Health Organization recommends two-and-a-half to five hours of brisk walking per week, or less time spent at a more vigorous activity. People who got the full recommended amount of exercise saw an average 3.4-year gain in life expectancy. People who got half as much exercise still lived an average 1.8 years longer. The findings are in the journal PLoS Medicine. [Steven C. Moore et al., Leisure Time Physical Activity of Moderate to Vigorous Intensity and Mortality: A large pooled cohort analysis]

In fact, exercise was a bigger factor than body weight in many cases. People who were normal weight but were inactive actually lived an average of 3.1 fewer years(若是改為years fewer?) than obese people who kept up high levels of activity. 

Finding time to exercise can be tough. Maybe look at it this way. There are almost 9,000 hours in a year. Five hours a week is 260 hours a year—to get an extra 30,000 hours of life. Do the math. While you take a walk.

—Katherine Harmon

http://www.huanqiukexue.com/wap.php?action=article&id=22904

Mosquito Season Means Zika Season, US Experts Warn     microcephaly

"We need a robust response to protect American women and reduce, to the greatest extent humanly possible, the number of families affected. We don't know who those children will be. We don't know where they will grow up, but anything we don't do now, we will regret not having done later," he said.

Frieden and other top doctors say Zika would not be a major threat except that it causes serious birth defects, including microcephaly, which literally means "small head."

"When a child is born with microcephaly, it's not because the skull was malformed, it's because the virus destroyed the brain cells, and the skull collapsed around the demolished brain," Frieden said.

From: http://www.voanews.com/content/mosquito-season-zika-season-congress-funding-us/3361095.html

go viral 是什麼意思?

go viral 是什麼意思?

 viral  [ˋvaɪrəl]  這個字是 "病毒" virus  [ˋvaɪrəs] 這個字的形容詞, 意思就是 "病毒的, 病毒般的"，所以 go viral 字面上的意思是 "像病毒般蔓延"。它指的是某人或物透過社群網站或軟體廣為流傳而造成轟動。比如一個在 Youtube 或臉書上被人大量點閱, 推薦, 轉載/分享而爆紅的影片或人, 物。我們就可以說這個人, 物或影片 went viral。(from: https://www.facebook.com/notes/teacher-sammys-english-teaching-blog/go-viral-%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E6%84%8F%E6%80%9D/626787834001841/)

#TryBeatingMeLightly: Fight Against Domestic Violence Goes Viral

When Pakistan's Council of Islamic Ideology proposed a law allowing men to beat their wives "lightly," photographer Fahhad Rajper responded with a photo project called "#TryBeatingMeLightly." As VOA's Andrew Palczewski reports, the campaign not only went viral on social media, but sparked a global conversation about domestic violence.(from: http://www.voanews.com/)

keep the virus at bay keep at bay 牽制, 不使逼近

keep at bay 牽制, 不使逼近

When a species of nightshade is injured by hungry beetles, it produces sugary nectar at the wound site. The nectar attracts ants that then keep the beetles at bay.

From: http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/this-plant-bleeds-nectar-to-attract-help/

Today, HIV-positive patients have access to dozens of powerful medications that can keep the virus at bay. Three classes of drugs have emerged in the last five to 10 years as treatment mainstays: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs) and integrase inhibitors.

With so many potent medications to choose from, clinicians have embarked on several long-term clinical trials to compare the safety, tolerability and effectiveness of available treatments. Recently, many of these large studies have yielded results that have significantly impacted our understanding of the best first-line treatment.

In a symposium at ICAAC/ICC 2015 in San Diego, University Health Network clinician Sharon Walmsley, M.D., offered her insights on "What to Start With for 2015."

From: http://www.thebodypro.com/content/76459/which-hiv-treatment-regimen-to-start-with-in-2015.html

off-putting 形容詞 倒胃口、令人厭惡的

off-putting 形容詞 倒胃口、令人厭惡的

The food they served in the hospital is always off-putting. 
醫院裡提供的食物總是讓人倒胃口。

From: https://zh-tw.facebook.com/englishbell.tw/posts/619295651463908

The alligator is estimated to be 15 feet long. The man who shot this video said the thing was so big, it looked like two guys in an alligator suit.

It didn`t cause any problems, besides maybe abject terror. Good thing no one tried to club it. Its teeth could leave a hole in one attacker.

It doesn`t need to take a shot to take a slice, and its simple presence is off putting.

From:CNN student news http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1606/01/sn.01.html

安樂死 I'd Kevorkian with my bare hands Euthanasia(希臘文：Eu表示好；thanatos表示死)

安樂死  I'd Kevorkian her with my bare hands   Euthanasia(希臘文：Eu表示好；thanatos表示死)

(Cut to Cafeteria where a group of interns are having lunch. George sits down. Izzie is not eating)

GEORGE: The shift is a marathon. Not a sprint. Eat.

IZZIE (looking queasy): I can’t.

GEORGE: You should eat something.

IZZIE: You try eating after performing 17 rectal exams. The Nazi hates me.

GEORGE: The Nazi’s a resident. I have attendings hating me.

CRISTINA: You know Meredith is inbred?

GEORGE: Like it’s uncommon around here to be a doctor’s parent?

CRISTINA (interrupts): No royally inbred. Her mother is Ellis Grey.

IZZIE: Shut up. The Ellis Grey?

GEORGE: Who’s Ellis Grey?

CRISTINA: Ellis … (Izzie laughs. Other interns turn to look at George) The Grey method? Where’d you go to med school, Mexico?

IZZIE: She was one the first big chick surgeons and she practically invented the abdominal laparotomy.

CRISTINA: She’s a living legend. She won the Harper Avery. Twice!

GEORGE: So I didn’t know one thing.

IZZIE: Talk about parental pressure.

CRISTINA: God I would kill to have Ellis Grey as a mother. I’d kill to be Ellis Grey. (Meredith walks into the caf) All I need is one good case.

(George makes a muffled warning when he sees Meredith. She sits down at their table)

MEREDITH: Katie Bryce is a pain in the ass. If I hadn't taken the Hippocratic Oath I'd Kevorkian her with my bare hands. (All the interns stare at her in awe. She notices.) What?

(Dr. Burke walks into the cafeteria and up to their table)

DR. BURKE: Good afternoon interns. It’s posted but I thought I share the good news personally. (They all look at him) As you know the honor of performing first surgery is reserved for the intern that shows the most promise. As I’m running the O.R. today I get to make that choice. (He smiles and slaps George on the back) George O’Malley.

GEORGE (stunned): Me?

DR. BURKE: You’ll scrub in for an appendectomy this afternoon. Congratulations. Enjoy.

(The others turn back to their lunch. Cristina looks annoyed. George is dumbfounded.)

GEORGE: Did he say me?

看眼科、配眼鏡的句子

看眼科、配眼鏡實用句

眼科

You may need stronger glasses.

I’d like to get a new pair of glasses.

My vision has been a little blurry lately.

I had laser eye surgery last month.

Which picture is clearer？ The one on the right or the left？

Please read the first/second/third line on the chart.

Please cover your left/right eye and read the chart.

Look at the picture and try not to blink.

Would you prefer soft contact lenses or hard ones？

These frames pinch (夾)my nose.

These frames are too tight/loose.

I think the prescription is too weak/strong.

Do I need a new prescription？

They feel uncomfortable after I wear them for a while.

My eyes feel tired/dry.

My vision is blurry/fuzzy.

I’m a little nearsighted/farsighted.

關於牙科的句子

牙科

My wisdom tooth is killing me.( My tooth is killing me.)

Do I have any cavities？

I think I need braces.(矯正器)

看牙好用句

It hurts when I chew.

I feel pain when I eat/drink something hot/cold.

I think I have a cavity in this tooth.

I think I have a crack(裂開) in my tooth.

My gums bleed when I brush my teeth.

My gums are swollen.

My filling fell out.(我補牙的地方掉了)

My crown(牙套) came loose.

I have a loose tooth.

My wisdom teeth are coming in.(我正在長智齒)

The anesthetic has worn off and my tooth hurts.

殺雞敬猴 Terrorize one and the rest fall in line.

殺雞敬猴 Terrorize one and the rest fall in line.

(Cut to Dr. Bailey & Dr. Burke walking down a hallway)

DR. BAILEY: I’ve seen his file. George O’Malley barely made the cut to get into this program. He’s not your guy.

DR. BURKE: Oh, he’s my guy alright.

DR. BAILEY (huffs): Every year you pick your guy and every year your guy suffers more than any other intern on the surgical…

DR. BURKE (interrupts): Terrorize one and the rest fall in line.

DR. BAILEY: I get it. I respect it. But George! O’Malley’s a puppy.

(Camera switches to Katie’s parents walking down the hallway to Katie’s room.)

MRS. BRYCE: Katie Bryce. Room 30 6-0-4.

NURSE: It’s right there.

關於預後、追蹤的句子

預後、追蹤

• I'm afraid the prognosis isn't good.
• You have a long road to recovery.

Tongue-tied No More

1.Now that I think of it,……經你這麼一提，我想起來了…..

A：Are you sure you’ve been taking your medication regularly？

B：Now that I think of it, I may have skipped a dose yesterday.

2.do the trick 完全解決問題，正中下懷

A：Did that painkiller work？

B：Yeah, it really did the trick.

Be made of VS be made from 由…製成

Be made of  VS  be made from  由…製成

The artificial joint may be made of metal, ceramic(陶瓷的) plastic, or a composite of these materials.

Be made of 和be made from 的差別:

(A)   be made of 由…製成(成品保留材料原來的性質)

ex The desk is made of wood .

這張書桌是木頭做的。

ex The necklace is made of gold.

這條項鍊是黃金做的。

(B)   be made from 由…製成(成品不保留材料原來的性質)

ex The wine is made from grapes.

這酒是葡萄做的。

ex Cheese is made from milk.

乳酪是牛奶做的。